The major sources of data in strategy research comes from the observation of sample units in their own settings. This is why empirical research in non-market strategy has increasingly made use of methods to overcome the major drawbacks of inferring causality from observational studies. This seminar covers these main designs and inference methods from a practical point of view, not from a purely statistical analysis. By the end of this workshop course, you will be able identify the potential and the pitfalls of these research designs, as well as the some possibilities to implement them using R.